The number represented the amount of

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Some folks use materials right out of the ground to make ceramics. A high-volume example of this is the brick manufacturer up the road. (If you don聮t have clay or shale where you live Miami Marlins Jersey , there is no brick manufacturer up the road.)

Brick manufacturers usually mine clay by the open pit method. That means that they usually don聮t tunnel for the clay. They carefully remove the overburden (the dirt, weeds, trees Kenley Jansen Jersey , old cars, and what-have-you on top) leaving a clean clay or shale face. Then they mine the clay or shale and deliver it to the factory.

At the factory, it is crushed or ground as required Russell Martin Jersey , water is mixed in, and the clay is extruded by means of an auger into a very long rectangular cross section that is cut into brick as it moves along the conveyer belt.

Now days, everything is automatic in most plants including the loading and unloading of bricks into and out of the kiln. (See Ceramics: Industrial Processing & Testing Cody Bellinger Jersey , John T. Jones & M. F. Berard, Iowa State University Press)

In other words, brick manufactures have a one component composition (the clay or shale). Now there is always an exception. Clays and shales happen to have some sulfate content. This is not good. You might get blistering or scumming or some other unpleasant defect.

What do they do?

They add barium carbonate or some other chemical to tie up the sulfates because barium forms insoluble sulfates. These materials are not premixed into the clay. They are just sprinkled on the clay and the extruder does sufficient mixing.

I聮ll tell you a secret. Some other manufacturers may add barium sulfate such as the sanitary ware manufacturers that manufacture your bathroom fixtures. Some potters add it too.

Vanadium compounds cause scumming in otherwise pretty white bricks.

Defects caused by raw materials are usually related to impurities or particle size. The defect can turn up at any time in the process. Here are some examples of defects caused by impurities:

Impurity Defects

Lignite

Lignite is common in many clays. It can be hard anthracite or softer bituminous coal or lignite which is softer than the first two.

Screening can reduce lignite from slurries.

Soda ash can react with soft lignite and turn it into a useful colloid that will keep the slurry dispersed.

ngeles-Dodgers-Jackie-Robinson-Jersey/]Jackie Robinson Jersey[/url] ," and gave me a number.

The number represented the amount of coarse material that showed up during a screen analysis of the clay. For this particular clay, the grit was in the form of mica.

Mica is not good!

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